{"code":"CIV","codeName":"Civil Code","section":"44","citation":"Civ. Code, § 44","status":"in-force","lawOn":"2026-09-28","headings":[{"name":"DIVISION 1. PERSONS [38. - 86.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/civil-code/division-1"},{"name":"PART 2. PERSONAL RIGHTS [43. - 53.7.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/civil-code/division-1/part-2"}],"history":"Amended by Stats. 1980, Ch. 676, Sec. 39.","effective":null,"html":"<p>Defamation is effected by either of the following:</p><p>(a) Libel.</p><p>(b) Slander.</p>","text":"Defamation is effected by either of the following: (a) Libel. (b) Slander.","otherVersions":[],"url":"https://blackletter.si/civil-code/personal-rights-44","source":"California Legislative Information bulk export (pubinfo)"}