{"code":"CIV","codeName":"Civil Code","section":"48","citation":"Civ. Code, § 48","status":"in-force","lawOn":"2026-09-28","headings":[{"name":"DIVISION 1. PERSONS [38. - 86.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/civil-code/division-1"},{"name":"PART 2. PERSONAL RIGHTS [43. - 53.7.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/civil-code/division-1/part-2"}],"history":"Amended by Stats. 2003, Ch. 62, Sec. 11.   Effective January 1, 2004.","effective":"2004-01-01","html":"<p>In the case provided for in subdivision (c) of Section <a href=\"/civ/47\">47</a>, malice is not inferred from the communication.</p>","text":"In the case provided for in subdivision (c) of Section 47, malice is not inferred from the communication.","otherVersions":[],"url":"https://blackletter.si/civil-code/personal-rights-48","source":"California Legislative Information bulk export (pubinfo)"}