{"code":"CONS","codeName":"California Constitution","section":"ART I SEC 18","citation":"Cal. Const., art. I, § 18","status":"in-force","lawOn":"2026-09-28","headings":[{"name":"ARTICLE I DECLARATION OF RIGHTS [SECTION 1. - SEC. 32.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/constitution/article-1"}],"history":"Sec. 18 added Nov. 5, 1974, by Prop. 7. Res.Ch. 90, 1974.","effective":null,"html":"<p>Treason against the State consists only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. A person may not be convicted of treason except on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act or by confession in open court.</p>","text":"Treason against the State consists only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. A person may not be convicted of treason except on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act or by confession in open court.","otherVersions":[],"url":"https://blackletter.si/constitution/article-1/section-18","source":"California Legislative Information bulk export (pubinfo)"}