{"code":"EVID","codeName":"Evidence Code","section":"11","citation":"Evid. Code, § 11","status":"in-force","lawOn":"2026-09-28","headings":[{"name":"DIVISION 1. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS AND CONSTRUCTION [1. - 12.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/evidence-code/division-1"}],"history":"Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.","effective":null,"html":"<p>“Shall” is mandatory and “may” is permissive.</p>","text":"“Shall” is mandatory and “may” is permissive.","otherVersions":[],"url":"https://blackletter.si/evidence-code/preliminary-provisions-and-construction-11","source":"California Legislative Information bulk export (pubinfo)"}