{"code":"PEN","codeName":"Penal Code","section":"20","citation":"Pen. Code, § 20","status":"in-force","lawOn":"2026-09-28","headings":[{"name":"PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS","url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/preliminary-provisions"}],"history":"Enacted 1872.","effective":null,"html":"<p>In every crime or public offense there must exist a union, or joint operation of act and intent, or criminal negligence.</p>","text":"In every crime or public offense there must exist a union, or joint operation of act and intent, or criminal negligence.","otherVersions":[],"url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/preliminary-provisions-20","source":"California Legislative Information bulk export (pubinfo)"}