{"code":"PEN","codeName":"Penal Code","section":"422.55","citation":"Pen. Code, § 422.55","status":"in-force","lawOn":"2026-09-28","headings":[{"name":"PART 1. OF CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS [25. - 680.4.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/part-1"},{"name":"TITLE 11.6. CIVIL RIGHTS [422.55. - 422.94.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/part-1/title-11.6"},{"name":"CHAPTER 1. Definitions [422.55. - 422.57.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/part-1/title-11.6/chapter-1"}],"history":"Added by Stats. 2004, Ch. 700, Sec. 6.   Effective January 1, 2005.","effective":"2005-01-01","html":"<p>For purposes of this title, and for purposes of all other state law unless an explicit provision of law or the context clearly requires a different meaning, the following shall apply:</p><p>(a) “Hate crime” means a criminal act committed, in whole or in part, because of one or more of the following actual or perceived characteristics of the victim:</p><p>(1) Disability.</p><p>(2) Gender.</p><p>(3) Nationality.</p><p>(4) Race or ethnicity.</p><p>(5) Religion.</p><p>(6) Sexual orientation.</p><p>(7) Association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics.</p><p>(b) “Hate crime” includes, but is not limited to, a violation of Section <a href=\"/pen/422.6\">422.6</a>.</p>","text":"For purposes of this title, and for purposes of all other state law unless an explicit provision of law or the context clearly requires a different meaning, the following shall apply: (a) “Hate crime” means a criminal act committed, in whole or in part, because of one or more of the following actual or perceived characteristics of the victim: (1) Disability. (2) Gender. (3) Nationality. (4) Race or ethnicity. (5) Religion. (6) Sexual orientation. (7) Association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics. (b) “Hate crime” includes, but is not limited to, a violation of Section 422.6.","otherVersions":[],"url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/definitions-422-55","source":"California Legislative Information bulk export (pubinfo)"}