{"code":"PEN","codeName":"Penal Code","section":"689","citation":"Pen. Code, § 689","status":"in-force","lawOn":"2026-09-28","headings":[{"name":"PART 2. OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE [681. - 1620.]","url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/part-2"},{"name":"PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS","url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/part-2/preliminary-provisions"}],"history":"Amended by Stats. 1951, Ch. 1674.","effective":null,"html":"<p>No person can be convicted of a public offense unless by verdict of a jury, accepted and recorded by the court, by a finding of the court in a case where a jury has been waived, or by a plea of guilty.</p>","text":"No person can be convicted of a public offense unless by verdict of a jury, accepted and recorded by the court, by a finding of the court in a case where a jury has been waived, or by a plea of guilty.","otherVersions":[],"url":"https://blackletter.si/penal-code/preliminary-provisions-689","source":"California Legislative Information bulk export (pubinfo)"}